I'm now a 21-year-old who still hasn't assimilated the English language due to the lack of English education in my primary/secondary school years.
MOST on the planet learn to use about 30,000 or less of 180,000 words of the English language.
The average person uses about 20,000 of the words.
You can communicate most things with learning about 5,000 words.
A technical/academic type might use about 60,000 or about one third of the words in the language.
Words special to their field of expertise.
I am trying to look for that English component that allows me to understand what I'm reading and what helps me to differentiate between a verb, noun, proverb, adjective, pronoun, contraction, etc.
MEMORIZATION
There is no list of rules for what you seek for all words all sentence possible word arrangements.
As general rule the position of each word in relation to each other determines the details.
proverb is not the word you are wanting.
Auxiliary verb is more likely the term you are searching.
The principal ones are be, do, and have they help to form the various tenses, moods, and voices of other verbs.
I AM reading a book now.
I WILL read the book tomorrow.
I DID read the book yesterday.
I WAS reading the book yesterday when you phoned me.
hasn't assimilated the English language To be correct when writing has not is written out. The contraction is the spoken verbal sound.
Assimilated is not the best choice of word.
comprehend
grasp
understand
Would be three better word choices to use for this situation.
Get over your detailing minutia MOST only use and understand less than 20 % of ALL English language words.
MOST never learn all twelve standard tenses of a verb.from a book or in the classroom.
Simple Present
Present Perfect
Present Continuous
Present Perfect Continuous
Simple Past
Past Perfect
Past Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous
Simple Future
Future Perfect
Future Continuous
Future Perfect Continuous
There are some more complex ones Passive verbs for example.
There are many many different DIALECTS of English in use around the world. Words can have a different meaning depending where you are on the planet.
Word choice and word order is just different place to place. NO SET RULES it is just something you learn by using.and memorizing the many subtle exceptions to the general most of the time rules.
"Appearances can be deceptive". Is an English proverb.
"Don't sweat the small stuff". Is another one for your situation.
"If at first you don't succeed try, try and try again" Also a proverb.